Fig. 6: Comparison of transplastomic plants expressing AMPs and fAMPs either alone or as fusions to SUMO (S) under the control of different promoter systems.

a Images of plants grown in sterile culture on synthetic medium. Photos were taken three weeks after transfer of stem cuttings from R::3-W-5 and R::S-3-W-5, six months after transfer for P::3-W-5 (image from Fig. 2a), and three months after transfer for P::S-3-W-5. Photos of soil-grown plants were taken one month after sowing. Scale bars: 5 cm. For images of soil-grown plants after two months, see Supplementary Fig. 4. b Northern blot analysis comparing mRNA accumulation levels in the different transplastomic lines shown in (a) (see Methods section). MB: methylene blue staining (as loading control). This blot was performed twice with similar results. c Western blot analysis comparing the effects of SUMO fusion on protein accumulation in the different transplastomic lines. Samples of 20 µg total leaf protein were separated by gel electrophoresis, blotted and immunodetection was performed with anti-HA antibody. The Coomassie-stained membrane is shown below the immunoblot as a loading control. This blot was performed once, but results were confirmed for RAmpER::3-W-5 by an independent blot. Note that SUMO-GFP (SG) accumulates to similarly high levels as the large subunit of RuBisCO (R) in both Prrn::SUMO-GFP (P::S-GFP) and RAmpER::SUMO-GFP (R::S-GFP) plants. Note that the SUMO-GFP protein is not detected in the western blot, due to absence of an HA-tag. S25: 25 kDa band of the Spectra™ Multicolor Low Range Protein Ladder (1.7 to 40 kDa; ThermoFisher); P25: 25 kDa band of the PageRuler™ Plus Prestained Protein Ladder (10 to 250 kDa; ThermoFisher). RNA and protein was extracted from plants grown on synthetic medium to enable inclusion of lines that did not survive on soil. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.