Fig. 1: Structural characterization of the fabricated CoC₂O₄@MXene pre-catalyst.

a Schematic illustration for the synthesis process of CoC₂O₄@MXene. b, c SEM, (d, e) TEM, (f, g) HRTEM images of CoC₂O₄@MXene. h Fast Fourier transformation (FFT) image. i Elemental mapping revealing the presence and homogenous distribution of Co, Ti, O, and C elements in CoC₂O₄@MXene.