Fig. 4: Theoretical calculation of HER activation energy.

a The DOS plots and (b) D-band centers for CoC2O4, CoC2O4@MXene, and R-CoC2O4@MXene. c Differential charge density of R-CoC2O4@MXene, the yellow and blue zones represent the charge accumulation or dispersion, respectively. d H2O adsorption energy (ΔEH2O), (e) H2O dissociation energy (ΔGH2O), and (f) free energy of adsorbed H* intermediates (ΔGH*) on the CoC2O4, CoC2O4@MXene, and R-CoC2O4@MXene, respectively. g The relationship between the calculated ΔEH2O, ΔGH2O, ΔGH* values, and the overpotential at 10 mA cm−2. h Schematic illustration of the catalytic mechanism for alkaline HER on the R-CoC2O4@MXene.