Fig. 6: Roles of butyrate and LPS in STZ-induced T1D mice.
From: Functional and metabolic alterations of gut microbiota in children with new-onset type 1 diabetes
a Fasting blood glucose levels (Model vs Butyrate: 2th week, p = 0.036; 4th week, p = 0.057; 6th week, p = 0.011), b Glucose tolerance test (Model vs Butyrate: 0 min, p = 0.022; 60 min, p = 0.046; 120 min, p = 0.012), c Insulin tolerance test (Model vs Butyrate: 0 min, p = 0.006; 15 min, p = 0.009; 30 min, p = 0.077, 60 min, p = 0.097), the levels of d HbA1c (Ctrl vs Model, p < 0.001; Ctrl vs Butyrate, p < 0.001, Model vs Butyrate, p = 0.053) and e C-peptide (Ctrl vs Model, p = 0.041; Model vs Butyrate, p = 0.026) in the experiments involving butyrate gavage. The sample size is Ctrl: n = 12, Model: n = 11, Butyrate: n = 11 as biologically independent samples. f Fasting blood glucose levels (Model vs LPS: 6th week, p = 0.011), g Glucose tolerance test (Model vs LPS: 0 min, p = 0.029; 30 min, p = 0.053; 60 min, p < 0.001; 120 min, p = 0.035), h Insulin tolerance test (Model vs LPS: 0 min, p = 0.035; 15 min, p = 0.015; 30 min, p = 0.044; 120 min, p = 0.004), the level of i HbA1c (Ctrl vs Model, p < 0.001; Ctrl vs LPS, p < 0.001) and j C-peptide (Ctrl vs Model, p = 0.006; Ctrl vs LPS, p < 0.001; Model vs LPS, p = 0.033) in the experiments involving LPS injection. The sample size is Ctrl: n = 10, Model: n = 12, LPS: n = 12 as biologically independent samples. k Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemical staining of the pancreas (40-fold and 400-fold magnification, respectively). l Quantification of the number of islets using the Image J software (Ctrl vs all other groups, p < 0.001; Model vs Butyrate, p = 0.030; Model vs LPS, p = 0.008; Butyrate vs LPS, p < 0.001). m Quantification of insulin-positive staining using Image J software (Ctrl vs all other groups, p < 0.001; Model vs Butyrate, p = 0.008; Butyrate vs LPS, p = 0.001). Images are representative of at least two sections per mouse, n = 3 mice per group. n, o The serum concentration of IL-1β in the experiments involving butyrate gavage or LPS injection (Ctrl vs LPS, p = 0.005; Model vs LPS, p = 0.021), respectively. p Heatmaps showing global RNA-seq expression patterns (n = 6 mice per group). q Venn diagram displaying the overlap between quantified mRNAs. r–t Pancreatic gene expression levels of r insulin secretion genes (Ins1: Model vs Butyrate, p = 0.046; Model vs LPS, p = 0.052; Butyrate vs LPS, p = 0.017) (Ins2: Model vs Butyrate, p = 0.022; Butyrate vs LPS, p = 0.010) s the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway (Il 18: Model vs Butyrate, p < 0.001; Butyrate vs LPS, p = 0.075) and t TLR pathway (Tlr2: Model vs LPS, p = 0.062, Butyrate vs LPS, p = 0.043) (Tlr4: Model vs Butyrate, p < 0.001; Model vs LPS, p = 0.093; Butyrate vs LPS, p = 0.006). u KEGG pathway enrichment analysis between the Model and Butyrate-treated group. v KEGG pathway enrichment analysis between the Model and LPS-treated group. Box and whisker plots show median ± quartiles (box), min/max (whiskers). Unpaired two-sided t test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, #0.05 < p < 0.1. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
