Fig. 5: Effect sizes (Z-score) of six potential causal proteins on stroke outcomes and causal risk factors for stroke.

MR analyses of the effect of proteins on stroke and stroke risk factors. Colours in each lattice of the heatmap represent the effect size (Z-score), with genetically predicted increased protein level associated with a higher risk of outcomes coloured in brown and lower risk of outcomes coloured in blue. The darker the colour the larger the effect size. *Indicates that the causal association is significant, which passed Bonferroni correction of PcausalEstimate_IVW ≤ 0.05/308 = 1.61 × 10−4 and passed sensitivity tests with PQstat ≥ 0.05 and PEggerIntercept ≥ 0.05.