Fig. 2: Computational modeling of the interaction between CM vesicles and SiO2 NPs during extrusion.
From: Systematic design of cell membrane coating to improve tumor targeting of nanoparticles
a, b AFM topographic images (left panel) of liposomes (a) and CM vesicles (b), along with the corresponding Derjaguin–Muller–Toporov Young’s modulus map (right panel). Scale bars, 50 nm. c Quantification of the average Young’s modulus of liposomes (n = 212 positions from 10 independent liposomes) and CM vesicles (n = 229 positions from 10 independent CM vesicles). Data represent the mean ± s.d. d, e SEM images of polycarbonate track-etched (PCTE) membrane after extrusion in top view (d) and cross-sectional view (e). Scale bars, 1 µm in low-magnification (left panel) and 200 nm in high-magnification (right panel). f Schematic illustration of the interaction between CM vesicles and SiO2 NPs in the pore of PCTE membrane during extrusion. g, h Time evolution of CM vesicle deformation and positions with times taken as: τ = 0.07, τ = 1.0, and τ = 10. g Distribution of the shear force along the surface of CM vesicle with the background arrow field reflecting the surrounding fluid flow field. h Distribution of the inner and outer pressure difference along the surface of CM vesicle with the background field lines reflecting the pressure gradient (∇p) of the flow. Lines are tangent to ∇p at each point along the length and shrunk at the edges of the CM vesicle. Colors indicate the magnitude of ∇p (e.g., |∇p|). i Time evolution of the minimal distance between NP and CM vesicle/liposome during extrusion with the initial distance of 0.2 μm. The inset represents the distance (d) between the edge of NP and CM vesicle/liposome. j The surface tension as a function of dimensionless time \(\tau\) (\(\tau=t/{t}_{0}\), with \({t}_{0}=0.5{D}_{{channel}}/{v}_{{inlet}}\), where \({D}_{{channel}}\) is the average diameter of the channel and \({v}_{{inlet}}\) is the average velocity of the inlet flow). Two initial surface tensions (σ0; 10−6 and 10−7 N/m) for CM vesicles and liposomes were simulated. Experiments in panels a–e, were repeated three times independently with similar results. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
