Fig. 8: Underling mechanism for high-level focal amplifications.

a The structural variations and normalized coverage for TD-dominated amplicons. Right: Representative immunofluorescence images show signals produced from FISH analyses using probes specific to chromosome (red) and target gene (green) in ESCC sample. Scale bars, 5 μm. b ESCC cancer genes affected by different mechanism. Left panel shows the number of ESCCs involved in amplified genes; right panel displays the proportion of mechanism for amplification. c Genes affected by ecDNA. Heatmap show normalized coverage based on IGV. Some ecDNAs are constructed manual and shows in right panel. The expression of two potential cancer-associated gene (CCNK & CUL4A) in 133 paired RNA-seq data shown in bottom. Statistical analysis is performed with student t-test. d The average expression of genes across different samples affected by each mechanism. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.