Fig. 6: Selected structural equation model by using the function gls on the strict quality dataset with standardised coefficients.

Arrows represent the unidirectional relationships among the responses and predictors. The thickness of the paths (arrows) is scaled to the magnitude of their significance. Dashed lines show indirect effects of precipitation and charcoal. Fisher C = 6.259, df = 18, P value = 0.995. Significance codes: “**” 0.01, “*” 0.05.