Fig. 1: Study design.

A Human RCT design with red arrows at the timepoints stools from humans were collected for colonization into germ-free mice. B Animal experiment design from human to male germ-free C57BL/6J mouse stool transfer and sterile supernatant collection with stool collection pre and post-alcohol exposure with necropsy 18 h post-last alcohol exposure. A group of germ-free mice were also used as controls. N = 6–14 mice/group.