Fig. 3: Stability evaluation.

a Contact angle measurement using water for a neat reference and a CB-NH2-treated perovskite. For the CB-NH2 treated samples, the contact angle with water is larger. b Passivation stability of CB-NH2, PEAI, LiF on perovskite film under gradually elevated temperature. c Maximum power point tracking under a 1-sun equivalent intensity of CB-NH2 based and control PSCs in an inert atmosphere at 26 °C. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.