Fig. 2: Characterization of AMF-mediated printable magnetoresistive sensors.

a Magnetoresistance of sensors made by composites of different Ni₈₁Fe₁₉ microparticle concentrations. b Magnetoresistive sensitivity of sensor of 1 g/ml concentration. Sensitivity was calibrated by the first derivative of electrical resistance with respect to magnetic field of magnetoresistive element divided by resistance. c Noise signal of sensor. d Comparison of sensitivity, magnetic field where the highest sensitivity is obtained, and figure of merit (FoM) for printable magnetoresistive sensors in previous reports^{34,41,42,55,56,57,58,59,60,61} and this work. Figure of merit is defined as the maximum sensitivity divided by the magnetic field where maximum sensitivity is obtained. The reported printable sensors were made of 0-dimensional nanoparticles^42,55,56,57, 1-dimensional nanowires⁶⁰, and 2-dimensional nanoflakes^{34,41,58,59,61}, and based on effects of anisotropic magnetoresistance³⁴, giant magnetoresistance^{41,55,58,59,60,61}, and tunneling magnetoresistance^42,56,57. e Photographs and schematic illustrations of different fabrication techniques for printable sensors, and the corresponding magnetoresistance and sensitivity. f Magnetoresistance and sensitivity of sensors fabricated on different substrates. Photographs exhibit sensors printed on paper and ceramic cup.