Table 2 Slope parameters for various precursor solution compositions

From: Control of perovskite film crystallization and growth direction to target homogeneous monolithic structures

System

Additive

SUS-2a

SLS-2b

GIc [%]

Growth directiond

CsFAPI

/

−0.0392

−0.0183

+53.3

D

KCl

−0.0192

−0.0024

+87.5

D

KCl + NH4Cl

−0.0113

−0.0082

+27.4

L

RbCsFAPI

/

−0.0266

−0.0434

−38.7

U

KI + NH4Cl

−0.0371

−0.0323

+12.9

L

MAPI

/

−0.0072

−0.0024

+66.7

D

Au_NPs

−0.0061

−0.0072

−15.2

L

FAPI

/

−0.0013

−0.0078

−83.3

U

MACl

−0.0135

−0.0176

−23.3

L

  1. They are extracted from the linear fit lines of upper layer and lower layers at stage-2.
  2. aSUS-2: The Slope of Upper layer in the Stage-2.
  3. bSLS-2: The Slope of Lower layer in the Stage-2.
  4. cGI (Gap Index) = (SUS-2 − SLS-2)*100/Max{SUS-2,SLS-2}.
  5. dD downward, L lateral, U upward.