Fig. 4: Schematic showing the direct electron-dislocation interaction during electropulsing.
From: Revealing the pulse-induced electroplasticity by decoupling electron wind force
a A lattice dislocation at an equilibrium position with the lowest energy state. b The vibration frequency of atoms is enhanced due to the energy input by electropulsing. The activated core atoms are shown by the red solid circles, which frequently deviate from their equilibrium positions. c Promoted dislocation motion (from position A to the nearby position B) over the Peierls barrier. d Relative magnitudes of the stress induced by surface image force (σim) and the Peierls–Nabarro stress (τP–N), with respect to the distance of ITB to the free surface. x1, x2, and x3 correspond to the relative positions of ITB in stages I, II, and III in Fig. 3. e Variation of stress states as dislocation migrates toward different directions.
