Fig. 1: Community clustering of 201 glycans in serum samples from 688 participants identify 11 major clusters.
From: Use of a glycomics array to establish the anti-carbohydrate antibody repertoire in type 1 diabetes
a Overview of multiplex glycan suspension array platform and methodology. Briefly, diluted human serum is added to a mixture of fluorescent beads each linked to a different glycan structure to allow human anti-carbohydrated antibodies (ACAs) to bind to the immobilized glycans. A biotin-conjugated anti-human IgG antibody is added. Finally, streptavidin-conjugated phycoerythrin is added and the median fluorescence intensity is measured on a Luminex instrument. Created with BioRender.com. b Distribution of ACAs in the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study (DAISY) and Phenome and Genome of Diabetic Autoimmunity (PAGODA) shown as median fluorescence intensity dot plots. 5-nearest neighbor graphs were constructed based on cosine similarity and projected onto 2 dimensions using the UMAP algorithm for ACAs detected. Each color is arbitrarily chosen to represent a different cluster using the Louvain algorithm. c The PAGODA and DAISY k-nearest neighbors graphs were merged together. Edge weights unique to each graph were kept as is. For edges where both the PAGODA and DAISY graphs had weights, the product was subtracted from the sum of the two weights. The Louvain clustering algorithm was applied to identify glycan communities (arbitrary color for each cluster). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
