Fig. 2: Plant–frugivore interactions shared among local networks, ecoregions, and biomes.
a World map with points representing the 196 avian frugivory networks in our dataset. Colors of shaded areas represent the 67 ecoregions where networks were located, with similar colors indicating ecoregions that belong to the same biome. Lines represent the connections (shared interactions) plotted along the great circle distance between networks, with most of these connections occurring within (blue lines) rather than across (red lines) biomes. Stronger color tones of lines indicate higher similarity of interactions (1-βWN) between networks. Connections across continents were mostly attributed to introduced species in one of these regions. Lines disappearing at the side edges of the world map are connected to those from the opposite edge. Photos show some of the frugivorous birds present in our dataset. Inset maps depict three regions with many networks and connections (especially within biomes). b South America. c Europe. d Aotearoa New Zealand. Photo credits: R. Heleno (top left and bottom right); R. B. Missano (bottom left); J. M. Costa (top right). Ecoregions and biomes were defined based on the map developed by Dinerstein et al.3 (available at https://ecoregions.appspot.com/ under a CC-BY 4.0 license). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
