Fig. 3: Light-driven methanogenesis performance.

a, b H2 yields by various M. b-absent CdS-based materials (a) and biotic-abiotic M. b-CdS-based hybrid systems (b). c CH4 yields in various biotic-abiotic hybrid systems. d Mass spectrometric analysis of headspace gas with NaH13CO3 and D2O as carbon source and water medium, respectively, using M. b-NiCu@CdS as catalyst. e Comparison of the quantum yields of M. b-NiCu@CdS and the reported biotic-abiotic hybrid systems. All the measurements in a−d are performed in 50 mL of sterilized autotrophic medium with CO2 as the sole carbon source under irradiation of 395 ± 5 nm LEDs (0.8 ± 0.1 mW cm−2). Data are presented as mean values ± standard deviation derived from n = 3 independent experiments. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.