Fig. 5: Transcriptomic analyses.

a, b PCA (a) and differential gene volcano graph (b) of M. b-NiCu@CdS as compared with M. b-CdS. c The top 40 genes with significant enrichment analysed by GO enrichment of differentially expressed genes. A, B and C represent biological processes, molecular functions and cellular components, respectively. A1 biosynthetic process, A2 organic substance biosynthetic process, A3 cellular biosynthetic process, A4 organonitrogen compound biosynthetic, A5 ion transport, A6 cation transport, A7 ion transmembrane transport, A8 cellular respiration, A9 energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds, A10 anaerobic respiration, A11 methane metabolic process, A12 methanogenesis, A13 energy derivation by oxidation of reduced inorganic compounds, A14 cellular alkane metabolic process, A15 alkane biosynthetic process, A16 proton transmembrane transport, A17 inorganic ion transmembrane transport, A18 inorganic cation transmembrane transport, A19 cation transmembrane transport, A20 porphyrin-containing compound biosynthetic process, A21 porphyrin-containing compound metabolic process, A22 methanogenesis, from acetate, A23 regulation of response to stress; B1 cation binding, B2 metal ion binding, B3 vitamin binding, B4 cation transmembrane transporter activity, B5 coenzyme-B sulfoethylthiotransferase activity, B6 transferase activity, transferring alkylthio groups, B7 transferase activity, transferring sulfur-containing groups, B8 serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity, B9 2-isopropylmalate synthase activity; C1 organelle membrane, C2 proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex, C3 mitochondrial membrane, C4 mitochondrial envelope, C5 mitochondrial inner membrane, C6 organelle inner membrane, C7 proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex, C8 proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex, proton-transporting domain. d Differential expression analysis of key genes for methanogenesis with M. b-NiCu@CdS compared with M. b-CdS. (1) EchA-F hydrogenases, (2) F₄₂₀H₂ dehydrogenases (Fpo), (3) F₄₂₀-dependent hydrogenases (Frh), (4) MP-reducing hydrogenases (VhtACG), (5) Heterodisulfide reductases (HdrDE), (6) Formylmethanofuran dehydrogenases (Fmd), (7) Formylmethanofuran-tetrahydromethanopterin N-formyltransferase (Ftr), (8) Methenyltetrahydromethanopterin cyclohydrolase (Mch), (9) Methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase (Mtd), (10) 5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin reductase (Mer), (11) Methyl-CoM reductases (Mcr), (12) Methyltransferases (MtrA-H), (13) ATP synthase. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.