Fig. 3: Parkin deletion elevates energy expenditure and mitochondrial activity in adipocytes.

a Oxygen consumption [Unpaired Student’s t test two-tailed. For VO2 night, p = 0.0266, CI95% = −0.04921 to −0.006597, R squared = 0.5327] (b) CO2 production, (c) energy expenditure (EE) [Unpaired Student’s t test two-tailed. For EE night, p = 0.0366, 95%CI = 0.1279–3.085, R squared = 0.4397] and (d) respiratory exchange ratio (RER) [Unpaired Student’s t test two-tailed. For RER night, p = 0.0166, 95%CI = −0.04921 to −0.006597, R squared = 0.5327] of male Control f/f and Parkin^Adi mice fed an HFD for 4 weeks (n = 5 mice per genotype). e mRNA levels of lipid metabolism genes in eWAT of HFD-fed Control f/f and Parkin^Adi mice (n = 7 mice for Control f/f group, n = 8 mice for Parkin^Adi group) [Unpaired Student’s t test two-tailed. For Srebp1c, p = 0.0045, 95%CI = 0.1890–0.8345, R squared = 0.4744; for Acc1, p = 0.0245, 95%CI = 0.1441–1.772, R squared = 0.3322; for Pparα, p = 0.0391, 95%CI = 0.04892–1.625, R squared = 0.2882; for Mttp, p = 0.0216, 95%CI = 0.07500–2.348, R squared = 0.3101]. f Western blots and densitometric analysis of Atgl, phospho-Hsl Ser563, and total Hsl protein in eWAT of HFD-fed Control f/f and Parkin^Adi mice (n = 6 mice per genotype) [Unpaired Student’s t test two-tailed. For p-HSL/t-HSL, p = 0.0094, 95%CI = 0.5094–2.829, R squared = 0.5070]. g mRNA levels of mitochondrial and related genes in the eWAT of WT mice fed with NC and HFD (n = 5 mice per diet) [Unpaired Student’s t test two-tailed. For mtNd1, p = 0.0346, 95%CI = −1.403 to −0.06850, R squared = 0.4470; for mtNd4, p = 0.0251, 95%CI = −1.325 to −0.1159, R squared = 0.4856; for mtNd4l, p = 0.0377, 95%CI = −1.417 to −0.05340, R squared = 0.4360; for mtCo1, p = 0.0446, 95%CI = −1.045 to −0.01642, R squared = 0.4145]. h Relative mtDNA copy number in the eWAT of mice fed with NC and HFD (n = 7 per diet) [Unpaired Student’s t test two-tailed. p = 0.0274, 95%CI = −0.5089 to −0.03584, R squared = 0.3443]. i mRNA levels of mitochondrial and related genes in eWAT of Control f/f and Parkin^Adi mice fed with NC and HFD (n = 7 mice for Control f/f-NC group, n = 5 mice for Parkin^Adi-NC group, n = 5 mice for Control f/f-HFD group, n = 6 mice for Parkin^Adi-HFD group) [Unpaired Student’s t test two-tailed. For Tfam Control f/f-NC vs. Parkin^Adi-NC, p = 0.0218, 95%CI = 0.1784–1.819, R squared = 0.4240; for Tfam Control f/f-HFD vs. Parkin^Adi-HFD, p = 0.0282, 95%CI = 0.03684–0.5148, R squared = 0.4310; for mtCo3 Control f/f-HFD vs. Parkin^Adi-HFD, p = 0.0463, 95%CI = 0.004537–0.4377, R squared = 0.3721; for mtNd1 Control f/f-NC vs. Parkin^Adi-NC, p = 0.0240, 95%CI = 0.2213–2.511, R squared = 0.4141, for mtNd1 Control f/f-HFD vs. Parkin^Adi-HFD, p = 0.0194, 95%CI = 0.03481–0.3077, R squared = 0.4725; for mtNd4 Control f/f-NC vs. Parkin^Adi-NC, p = 0.0397, 95%CI = 0.08034–2.712, R squared = 0.3585; for mtNd6 Control f/f-NC vs. Parkin^Adi-NC, p = 0.0298, 95%CI = 0.2004–3.138, R squared = 0.3907]. j, k Relative mtDNA copy number in the eWAT of Control f/f and Parkin^Adi mice fed with NC and HFD (n = 6 mice per genotype per diet) [Unpaired Student’s t test two-tailed. For Control f/f-NC vs. Parkin^Adi-NC, p = 0.0196, 95%CI = 0.09883–0.9015, R squared = 0.4354; for Control f/f-HFD vs. Parkin^Adi-HFD, p = 0.0024, 95%CI = 0.1960–0.6775, R squared = 0.6203] and in the differentiated 3T3-L1 Control (Scr) and Parkin^KD adipocytes (n = 3 biological replicate) [Unpaired Student’s t test two-tailed. p = 0.0144, 95%CI = 0.4457–2.267, R squared = 0.8104]. l Mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate of preadipocytes (dash line) and differentiated adipocytes (solid line) of 3T3-L1 cells (n = 4 biological replicate) [Two-way ANOVA F (1,6) = 198.4, p < 0.0001, 95%CI = −8.155 to −5.741]. m Normalized mitochondrial membrane potential (TMRE)/mitochondrial tracker green (MTG) of the differentiated 3T3-L1 Control (Scr) and Parkin^KD adipocytes treated with vehicle (DMSO) and FCCP (n = 3 biological replicate) [Unpaired Student’s t test two-tailed. For Control (Scr) vs. Parkin^KD, p = 0.0424, 95%CI = 0.01999–0.7033, R squared = 0.6835]. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. AU = arbitrary units. Oligo = oligomycin, FCCP = trifluoromethoxy carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone, R/A = rotenone/antimycin a. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.