Fig. 2: PA influences the nanoformulation of chitosans.

A Physicochemical characterisation of chitosan-TPP nanoparticles prepared by ionic gelation at different NH2/TPP molar ratios: images of chitosan-TPP formulations after preparation (upper panel), Z-average hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity index (PDI) (lower left panel), zeta potential (lower centre panel), and derived count rate (lower right panel) determined by dynamic light scattering. Data represent three independent experiments plotted as means ± SD. B Physicochemical characterisation of chitosan nanocapsules prepared by solvent displacement: average hydrodynamic diameter and PDI (left panel), zeta potential (centre panel), and derived count rate (right panel) determined by dynamic light scattering. Data represent three independent experiments plotted as means ± SD. C Characterisation of electrosprayed chitosan particles: size of particles determined from scanning electron micrographs of 50 particles each (right panel) using ImageJ software, given as means ± SE (left panel). Two preceding, preliminary visualisations using a benchtop-SEM gave similar results, but were not quantified.