Fig. 5: Lipid metabolism regulates immune responses to TLR stimulation in macrophages.

a pMacs were incubated with (or without, control) SSO and uptake of DiI-acLDL was measured (n = 4). *p < 0.05, 2-way ANOVA. b BMDCs were generated from WT (blue) and CD1d-deficient (red) BM and cultured in the presence (or absence, control) of SSO overnight (n = 7). qPCR analyses show relative expression of the depicted genes. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 one-sample t-test. c BMDCs were cultured in the presence (or absence, control) of SSO overnight prior to stimulation with CpG (n = 5–9). Expression of the depicted genes was measured by qPCR. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 2-way ANOVA. d BMDCs were cultured in the presence of αCD36 or isotype control antibody (iso) overnight prior to stimulation with LPS (n = 5–6). Expression of the depicted genes was measured by qPCR. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 2-way ANOVA. (e–h) WT mice were pre-treated with clodronate liposomes and reconstituted with WT or CD1d-KO BMDCs (n = 3–6). Mice received SSO (or vehicle control) before injection of LPS (f) or infection with E. coli (g, h). f Body temperature (left) or cytokine concentration in the blood (right) were measured. g, h Cytokine concentration in the blood (g) and bacterial CFUs (h) 18 h after infection. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, unpaired two-tailed t-test (f, g) or Mann-Whitney test (h). i pMacs were incubated with (or without, control) L165,041 (L) and uptake of DiI-acLDL was measured (n = 3). **p < 0.01, 2-way ANOVA. j BMDCs were cultured in the presence (or absence, control) of L165,041 (L) overnight (n = 3–6). qPCR analyses show relative expression of the depicted genes. *p < 0.05, one-sample t-test. k BMDCs were cultured in the presence (or absence, control) of L165,041 (L) overnight prior to stimulation with LPS (n = 5–7). Expression of the depicted genes was measured by qPCR. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, 2-way ANOVA. Bars in all graphs represent mean +/− SEM, lines in g represent media. Values for n represent biologically independent samples (as shown by the number of data points in each graph). n = cells isolated from individual mice (a-d, i–k) or mice per group (f–h). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.