Fig. 3: Structure characterizations of NCM811 cathode.

Operando XRD characterization for NCM811 cathode during the initial three charge-discharge cycles using a BE and b BE with LiHMDS. the charging/discharging current were 36 mA g−1/36 mA g−1. c–e Ex situ XRD measurements of NCM811 cathode before and after 100 cycles in BE and BE with LiHMDS at 60 °C, the charging/discharging current were 180 mA g−1/180 mA g−1. Ex situ TEM and FFT images of cycled NCM811 cathodes using f BE with LiHMDS and g BE after 100 cycles at 60 °C, the charging/discharging current were 180 mA g−1/180 mA g−1. The cell was disassembled at fully discharged state.