Fig. 1: SFLPs, confined to the surface of the amorphous shell of the c-TiO2@a-TiO2-x(OH)y heterostructure, facilitate record photocatalysis CO2 performance.

a Depiction of the central role played by the physicochemical properties in the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2-to-CO by SFLPs. b–d Reactive chemistry of an SFLP in c-TiO2@a-TiO2-x(OH)y, highlighting the heterolysis of H2 to form a protonated hydroxyl and a hydridic titanium SFLP. Structures are shown of (b) an unmodified crystalline surface, (c) formation of an SFLP site, (d) a ground-state SFLP site following activation by hydrogen, and (e) the enhanced activity excited-state SFLP generated by photoexcitation of the ground-state SFLP.