Fig. 2: Design, construction, and characterization of multifunctional anti-thrombotic nanotherapies based on LMWH-derived materials.

a, b Schematic illustration of nanotherapies self-assembled by linoleic acid (LA)-conjugated LMWH (LH) (a) or Tempol/LA-conjugated LMWH (TLH) (b). c–h Typical TEM images (c, d), SEM images (e, f), and size distribution profiles (g, h) of LH NP (c, e, g) and TLH NP (d, f, h). i Changes in the mean diameter of LH NP and TLH NP after incubation with PBS or serum for predetermined time periods. j–m Typical excitation fluorescence spectra (j, l) and the corresponding plots of the intensity ratio I₃₃₈/I₃₃₃ as a function of Log C (k, m) for pyrene in the presence of increasing concentrations (g/L) of LH (j, k) or TLH (l, m). n–q Dose-dependent elimination of superoxide anion (n), DPPH radical (o), H₂O₂ (p), and hypochlorite (q) by TLH NP. r The anti-FXa activity of LMWH, LH NP, and TLH NP. s–w Effects of different formulations on PT (s), APTT (t), TT (u), TAT (v), and BCI (w). Of note, BCI increases with increased free hemoglobin in solutions. A higher BCI means stronger anti-thrombotic activity for the examined formulations. x SEM images showing thrombin-stimulated platelets after separate treatment with PBS, Tempol, LMWH, LH NP, or TLH NP. Platelets treated with PBS alone served as the normal control. Data in c–h, x are representative of six independent samples. Scale bar, 3 μm. Data in i, n–w are mean ± s.d. (n = 6 independent samples). Statistical significance was assessed by one-way ANOVA with post hoc LSD tests. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.