Fig. 6: Design, construction, characterization, and in vitro anti-coagulant/anti-thrombotic effects of an active targeting nanotherapy CTLH NP.

a Schematic illustration of engineering of CTLH NP. b–d TEM (b) and SEM (c) images as well as the size distribution (d) of CTLH NP. e, f Typical digital photographs (e) and quantified BCI values (f) showing anti-coagulant effects of TLH NP and CTLH NP. Blood samples were incubated with different formulations and then coagulation was induced by CaCl₂ for 5 min. After washing with deionized water, the absorbance of hemoglobin was determined to calculate BCI. g SEM observation of platelet aggregation. After pretreatment with PBS, TLH NP, or CTLH NP for 0.5 h, platelet aggregation was induced by thrombin. Platelets treated with PBS alone served as a negative control. Scale bar, 3 μm. h, i Representative digital photos (h) and quantified dissolution degrees (i) of thrombi at various time points after treatment with PBS, TLH NP, CTLH NP, or URK. j, k Confocal microscopy images (j) and quantitative analysis (k) indicate binding interactions between coagulated platelets and Cy5-TLH NP or Cy5-CTLH NP. Coagulation was induced by thrombin, and platelets were stained with FITC-labeled anti-CD61 antibody (green). Scale bars, 10 μm. Data in b–e, g, h, j are representative of six independent samples. Data in f, i, k are mean ± s.d. (n = 6 independent samples). Statistical significance was assessed by one-way ANOVA with post hoc LSD tests (f) and unpaired t-test (k). **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.