Fig. 1: Schematic of the preparation of the EV-Pd-Pt nanoplatform and its antibacterial application.

a Schematic illustration of the preparation of EV-Pd-Pt nanoparticles by conjugating carboxylic group-functionalized Pd-Pt nanoparticles onto the surface of ginger-derived EVs with abundant amino groups. b PA imaging-guided synergistic EDT/PTT of bacterial infection in vivo can be achieved by applying electric field and NIR light irradiation after intravenous injection of EV-Pd-Pt. Long blood circulation, efficient accumulation at infection site, and lipid-dependent cellular uptake are hypothesized to favor antibacterial efficacy.