Fig. 2: Characterization of EV-Pd-Pt nanoparticles.

TEM images of Pd (a) and Pd-Pt (b) nanosheets. c Enlarged and high-resolution TEM images of Pd-Pt nanosheets. d Scanning TEM elemental mapping of Pd-Pt nanosheets. e EDS of Pd-Pt nanosheets. TEM images of EVs extracted from the ginger juice (f) and EV-Pd-Pt (g). h SDS-PAGE protein analysis of EVs and EV-Pd-Pt. a, b, d, f–h, Experiments were repeated three times independently with similar results. Size distribution (i) and zeta potential (j) of Pd, Pd-Pt, EVs, and EV-Pd-Pt from DLS analysis. Data are presented as mean values ± SD (n = 3 independent samples). k Absorption spectra of Pd, Pd-Pt, and EV-Pd-Pt. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.