Table 3 Illustrative demonstration of model capabilities
From: Deciphering clinical abbreviations with a privacy protecting machine learning system
Original string | T5 80B + elic. | Comment |
|---|---|---|
45 ftm pw f cp and sob | 45 trans man presenting with fever chest pain and shortness of breath | The same abbreviation "ftm" is grammatically expanded as a noun or adjective depending on the context, which may also have other abbreviations. |
45 ftm pt pw f cp and sob | 45 female to male patients presenting with fever chest pain and shortness of breath | |
The cv exam has a nr, nr, nl s1 s2, no mrg | The cardiovascular exam has a normal rate, normal rhythm, normal first heart sound, and second heart sound, no murmurs rubs, or gallops | The model expands "nr" into two separate, correct meanings, which would be difficult to hand-engineer. The model inserts "and" to make the sentence grammatical. |
dfe reveals macular drusen, ou | Dilated fundus examination reveals macular drusen, both eyes | Abbreviations in fields, such as ophthalmology may be unfamiliar to other clinicians |
45 yo m pt undergoing pt for lbp was referred for bruising and elevated pt and ptt | 45-year-old male patient undergoing physical therapy for low back pain was referred for bruising and elevated prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time | "Pt" is correctly expanded into three separate meetings even in the presence of multiple other abbreviations |
ms w is a 45 yo w with ms was given ms for ms pain in l leg and was found to have altered ms in the ed | ms. w is a 45-year-old woman with multiple sclerosis who was given morphine sulfate for musculoskeletal pain in her left leg and was found to have altered mental status in the emergency department | This example has 5 different long forms of "ms," and the model can successfully choose not to expand "ms" as shown in the first instance. The abbreviation "w" is also correctly ignored in the first instance and expanded to "woman" in the second. |
The importance of electrocardiogram (ecg) in the presence of cardiac symptoms cannot be overstated | The importance of electrocardiogram (ecg) in the presence of cardiac symptoms cannot be overstated | The model recognizes that the abbreviation is being used as a didactic tool here and leaves it unexpanded, preserving the original intent of the statement |
heent: perl, clear op, cv: rrr nl s1 s2 no mrg. abd:nabs, soft nt nd, ext: wwp, no edema, neuro: alert and oriented, psych: mildly restricted affect, labs reviewed and notable for bmp with cr of 1.7, hgb 13.0, inr 1.3, cxr without infiltrate, and ekg nsr at 61 bpm and one pvc | Head eyes ears nose throat: pupils equally round and reactive to light, clear oropharynx, cardiovascular: regular rate and rhythm normal s1 s2 no murmurs rubs or gallops. abdomen:normoactive bowel sounds, soft nontender nondistended, extremities: warm and well perfused, no edema, neurologic: alert and oriented, psychiatric: mildly restricted affect, labs reviewed and notable for basic metabolic panel with creatinine of 1.7, hemoglobin 13.0, international normalized ratio 1.3, chest radiograph without infiltrate, and electrocardiogram normal sinus rhythm at 61 beats per minute and one premature ventricular contraction | The model has the capacity to expand a large number of abbreviations simultaneously |
