Fig. 2: Certain nanoparticles penetrate intact roots.

a Confocal microscopy images for the penetration and distribution of polymeric nanoparticles in Arabidopsis root hair zones after one hour of treatment in nanoparticle solution (1 mg/ml) at room temperature. b Summary table of the different levels of root penetration observed. Good (✓✓), poor (✓), or none (✗). Penetration and accumulation were evaluated under a ZEISS 880 LSM. Maximum Z projections in 488 nm laser channel were analysed alongside the Z-slices and merged with brightfield images using ImageJ software. Scale bar = 20 μm. The images are representatives of experimental replicates (n = 3). Part of this figure was created with Biorender.com.