Fig. 4: Early Devonian (415 Ma) annual mean surface-air temperature for an atmospheric pCO2 of 500 ppmv, modelled with the coupled climate model CLIMBER-3α.
From: Low atmospheric CO2 levels before the rise of forested ecosystems
The palaeogeographical configuration of Scotese at 415 Ma83 is used, pre-industrial levels of other greenhouse gasses and idealized orbital parameters are assumed (circular orbit, obliquity of 23.5°; see supplementary Fig. 17 for two different orbital states). See supplement for details about modelled precipitation and humidity. Nine localities are marked where the studied fossil lycophyte flora have been found in 13 distinct outcrops: 1 – Green County, NY, USA and Schoharia Co, NY, USA; 2 – Traveller Mountain, ME, USA; 3 – North Shore and Seal Rock, Gaspe Qbc., Canada; 4 – Abitibi River, Ontario, Canada; 5 – Dalhousie, New Brunswick, Canada (close to Maple Green); 6 – Munchshecke, Siegburg and Mosel Valley, Germany; 7 – Rhynie Chert, Aberdeenshire, Scotland; 8– Yea district, Victoria, Australia; 9 – Xinjan, China. Six localities with palaeo-SST data from calcitic brachiopods are marked with white stars: a – Section Madène el Mrakib, Anti-Atlas Mountains, Morocco; b – Colle area, Cantabrian Mountains, Spain; c – Eifel Mountains, Germany; d – Buffalo Quarry, Iowa, USA; e– Mafeking Quarry, Manitoba, Canada; f– Gur’evsk town, Altai Mts./Salair area, Siberia. Seven localities with palaeo-SST data from phosphatic conodonts are marked with purple stars: g – Changputang, SE Yunnan, China and Nayi, Guangxi, China; h – Broken River, Queensland, Australia; i – Buchan, Boola Quarry, Tyers Quarry, Wellington, Victoria, Australia; j – Mungallala and Windellama, Wellington New South Wales, Australia; k – Barrandov and Na Skrabku, Prague basin, Czech Republic; m – Nevada, USA; n – CaiZiyan, Guangxi, China. Phosphatic SST constraints from d –Glory Quarry, Iowa, USA and b – Puech de la Suque, France are plotted along with the calcitic SST data from nearby outcrops.
