Fig. 2: Higher herbivory decreased shrub layer cover, but not herb and tree layer cover.

Relationships between changes in (Δ) herbivory pressure and a Δ shrub layer cover, b Δ herb layer cover, and c Δ tree layer cover. All models included inter-census time span, site area, and baseline herbivory as covariates. Note two sites lacked shrub and tree cover and one site also lacked herb cover data so that there were n = 50 and n = 51 independent resurvey sites for a, c, and b, respectively. Lines and ribbons represent the posterior mean line and the 95% credible interval. Dashed regression lines represent statistically unclear relationships. Frequency distributions (density, boxplot and points) of the respective response variables are displayed alongside. Boxplots bound the interquartile range (IQR) divided by the median and whiskers extend up to a maximum of 1.5 × IQR beyond the box. Triangles indicate the mean. Horizontal lines at zero indicate no change. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.