Fig. 3: Herbivory increased temporal species turnover but was not clearly associated with changes in species richness.

Relationships between change in (Δ) herbivory pressure and a Δ species richness (number of species) and b temporal species turnover (unitless) at a study site. All models included inter-census time span, site area, and baseline herbivory as covariates, with n = 52 independent resurvey sites. Lines and ribbons represent the posterior mean line and the 95% credible interval. Dashed lines represent statistically unclear relationships. Frequency distributions (density, boxplot and points) of the respective response variables are displayed alongside. Boxplots bound the interquartile range (IQR) divided by the median and whiskers extend up to a maximum of 1.5 × IQR beyond the box. Triangles indicate the mean. Horizontal lines at zero indicate no change. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.