Fig. 4: Herbivory effects depend on N-deposition levels.

Relationships between change in (Δ) herbivory pressure and a Δ community-weighted mean N-number (CWM-N), c percentage change in (Δ %) non-native species, e Δ % red-listed species, and g Δ % small-ranged species. Frequency distributions (density, boxplot and points) of the respective response variables are displayed alongside. Boxplots bound the interquartile range (IQR) divided by the median and whiskers extend up to a maximum of 1.5 × IQR beyond the box. Triangles indicate the mean. Horizontal lines at zero indicate no change. Herbivory effects depend on N-deposition (b, d, f, h). Conditional effects of herbivory are depicted at the 10th (348 kg/ha; left) and 90th (1010 kg/ha; right) percentile of cumulative N-deposition in the data. There are n = 52 independent resurvey sites for all models. Lines and ribbons represent the posterior mean line and the 95% credible interval. Dashed lines represent statistically unclear relationships. Rugs in figure bottom in b, d, f, h depict the marginal distribution of the predictor. Cumulative N-deposition is calculated between the baseline and resurvey year per site. See Supplementary Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 26−29 for model outputs of the effects of N-deposition alone. See Supplementary Fig. 4 for interaction effects on species richness change and exchange ratio. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.