Fig. 2: Identifying genes differentially expressed between male and female proximal tubular cells.

2-Dimensional plots of (a) Varimax-rotated PCA and (b) sPLS-DA showing separation of male and female cells, and (c) volcano plot showing differential expression of genes between sexes from MAST analysis with sample random effect. d Genes expressed exclusively by all samples of one sex and none of the opposite sex, which were added to the MAST results for comparison across methods in e (termed MAST + ). e Venn diagram depicting genes identified through each analysis, with bubble plots highlighting genes identified by all three methods or by MAST plus one additional method. The size of the circle is proportional to absolute logFC and the colour indicates whether the gene was higher in male (orange) or female (dark purple) PT cells. Source data are provided in Supplementary Data 1. f Differences in gene expression of KDM5D (p < 0.0001, t = 17.32, df=30), UTY (p < 0.0001, t = 18.75, df=30), EIF1AY (p < 0.0001, t = 18.04, df=30), EIF1AX (p < 0.0001, t = 9.077, df=29), DDX3X (p < 0.0001, t = 5.619, df=29), MT1F (p < 0.0001, t = 16.04, df=30), MT1G (p < 0.0001, u = 0), and MT1H (p < 0.0001, t = 6.286, df=30) were determined in primary male and female PT cells, and normalized to RPL31 (n = 3 donors/sex; n = 16 replicates/sex). Source data are provided as a source data file. Group-to-group differences were assessed using two-tailed unpaired t-tests for variables following a normal distribution (KDM5D, UTY, EIF1AY, EIF1AX, DDX3X, MT1F, MT1H), and Mann-Whitney tests for variables with a non-parametric distribution (MT1G). Data are presented as mean values + /- SEM. ****p < 0.0001. Orange = males, dark purple = females. Circle, square, and triangle symbols indicate biologically independent donors for each sex.