Fig. 3: Pairwise associations between imaging phenotypes of the heart, brain and liver.

Size of the bars and interval centre dot represent standardised beta coefficients, error bars represent 95% confidence intervals for the standardised beta coefficient from multivariable linear regression models. Red bars reflect negative associations, green bars reflect positive associations. a Heart and liver imaging metrics in pairwise associations with brain imaging metrics. b Pairwise associations between liver and heart imaging metrics. Models are adjusted by age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, high cholesterol, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, deprivation, educational level, red blood count, total cholesterol, and glycosylated haemoglobin. Brain analyses are additionally adjusted by head size, imaging site, scanner coordinates and date of scanning. Each bar is from a separate model. Coefficient significance is assessed with a two-sided T-test, and p-values were considered significant after adjustment for multiple testing with a 5% false discovery rate. Where the p-value is not significant, the bar is shown in transparent colour. PDFF = proton density fat fraction, cT1 = corrected T1 relaxation time, ICVF = intracellular volume fraction, ISOVF = isotropic volume fraction, LVSVi = left ventricular stroke volume indexed to body surface area, LV GFI = left ventricular global function index, LVM/LVEDV = left ventricular mass to volume ratio (left ventricular mass / left ventricular end-diastolic volume), AoD = aortic distensibility. Associations between cognitive performance and brain imaging were calculated across a minimum of 25,280 participants. Liver-brain associations are from a minimum of 9649 participants, heart-brain associations are from a minimum of 20,610 participants, liver-heart associations are from a minimum of 8234 participants. Precise sample sizes for each pairwise result are provided in Supplementary Tables 2, 3 and 4. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.