Fig. 1: Global jet fuel market in 2017.

a Global jet fuel consumption in 2017 (in barrels per day) by country and region. The inner pies are annual jet fuel consumption in percentage by world region. The outer arcs are annual jet fuel consumption in each country. The greater the arc length, the higher the consumption. The Middle East includes Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iraq, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Bahrain, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Yemen. North America, Asia & Oceania, and Europe & Russia account for over 85% of global demand, with the US (25%), China (12%), and the UK (3.8%) topping the list. The remaining demand is spread across developed countries globally. The US (25%), China (13%), and South Korea (7%) are the top three producers. b Key Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries’ annual jet fuel import and export. Countries are represented by outer segments arranged along the circle. Segment length is determined by the sum of export and import (from left to right of each segment, see the US example), which are depicted by arcs drawn between segments. The size of the arc is proportional to the weight of the flow. The arrowhead shows the direction of export. Key countries included in the rest of the world are China, India, Singapore, and Russia. Their exports are 7.8%, 8.2%, 8.4%, and 2.6% of the global export, whereas their imports are 4.4%, 0.3%, 3.7%, and 0.1% of the global import, respectively⁶².