Fig. 3: Jet fuel refining CI breakdown and jet fuel composition.

a Volume-weighted average jet fuel refining energy use and CI breakdown by process unit, refinery configuration, and jet fuel source. Each stacked bar (breakdown by process unit) represents the volume-weighted average CI of a given source of jet fuel produced by a specific type of refinery configuration. Whiskers are volume-weighted average standard deviation. Energy use (secondary y-axis on a log scale) includes electricity, steam, heat, hydrogen, and FCC coke burn. Emissions from each process unit are calculated by converting the energy use (i.e., the portion allocated to jet fuel) to GHG emissions using emissions factors adopted in PRELIM. SMR: steam methane reformer; RHCU: residual hydrocracking unit; FCC: fluid catalytic cracking unit; DHT: diesel hydrotreater; DHCU distillate hydrocracking unit; KHT: kerosene hydrotreater; VDU and CDU: vacuum and atmospheric distillation units, respectively. Configurations H, M, D1, D2, and All are hydroskimming, medium conversion, deep conversion coking, deep conversion hydrocracking, and all refineries, respectively (see Supplementary Note 1 for configuration definitions). Jet source represents the crude fractions and refinery streams blended into jet fuel exiting the refinery. b Jet fuel source volumetric composition by region. A&O is Asia and Oceania. NA and LA are North America and Latin America, respectively. E&R is in Europe and Russia. ME is the Middle East. Arc length shows the contribution of each source to the jet fuel produced in each region. The inset stacked bar chart shows the global average composition of jet fuel produced by hydroskimming (H), medium conversion (M), deep conversion coking (D1), deep conversion hydrocracking (D2), and all refineries. Percentages in parentheses next to configuration labels are the volume shares by refinery type (e.g., hydroskimming refineries only produce 4 vol.% of global jet fuel).