Table 1 Fe-Mg timescales calculated for clinopyroxenes from 2019 eruptions

From: Magma recharge and mush rejuvenation drive paroxysmal activity at Stromboli volcano

Eruption	Sample	Product Type	Cpx n.	Cpx subgroup	T °C ± 16	Δt days	Δt months	Δt years	Absolute eruption date	Timescale type
25-Jun-19	25062019	hp	PX8	1 A	1155	182 ± 77	6 ± 3	0.5 ± 0.2	25/12/2018	Convective mixing
25-Jun-19	25062019	hp	PX16	1 A	1155	308 ± 124	10 ± 4	0.8 ± 0.3	21/08/2018	Convective mixing
25-Jun-19	25062019	hp	PX18	1 A	1155	13 ± 5	0.4 ± 0.2	0.03 ± 0.01	12/06/2019	Convective mixing
25-Jun-19	25062019	hp	PX35	1 C	1155	2274 ± 901	75 ± 30	6 ± 2	03/04/2013	Antecryst remobilisation
03-Jul-19	P30-07	lp	Px6	1B	1175	4 ± 2	0.13 ± 0.06	0.01 ± 0.01	29/06/2019	Mafic trigger
03-Jul-19	P30-07	lp	Px9	1B	1175	3 ± 1	0.08 ± 0.04	0.001 ± 0.003	30/06/2019	Mafic trigger
03-Jul-19	P30-07	lp	Px11	1B	1175	3 ± 1	0.11 ± 0.05	0.01 ± 0.004	30/06/2019	Mafic trigger
03-Jul-19	P10-5	lp	Px4	1B	1175	1 ± 0.3	0.02 ± 0.01	0.002 ± 0.001	02/07/2019	Mafic trigger
03-Jul-19	P01-05	lp	PX2	2 A	1175	2 ± 0.8	0.06 ± 0.03	0.005 ± 0.002	01/07/2019	Convective mixing
03-Jul-19	P01-05	lp	PX3	1B	1175	5 ± 2	0.15 ± 0.06	0.01 ± 0.01	28/06/2019	Mafic trigger
03-Jul-19	P01-05	lp	PX4	1B	1175	9 ± 3	0.29 ± 0.11	0.02 ± 0.01	24/06/2019	Mafic trigger
03-Jul-19	P01-05	lp	PX5	1B	1175	28 ± 11	0.9 ± 0.4	0.08 ± 0.003	05/06/2019	Mafic trigger
03-Jul-19	P01-05	lp	PX6	1B	1175	5 ± 2	0.15 ± 0.06	0.01 ± 0.01	28/06/2019	Mafic trigger
03-Jul-19	P01-05	lp	PX7	1B	1175	25 ± 10	0.8 ± 0.3	0.07 ± 0.03	08/06/2019	Mafic trigger
03-Jul-19	P01-05	lp	PX9	1 C		165 ± 65	5 ± 2	0.4 ± 0.2	19/01/2019	Antecryst remobilisation
03-Jul-19	P01-05	lp	PX11	1B	1175	5 ± 2	0.16 ± 0.06	0.01 ± 0.01	28/06/2019	Mafic trigger
03-Jul-19	P21-1	lp	Px3	1B	1175	15 ± 5	0.5 ± 0.2	0.04 ± 0.02	18/06/2019	Mafic trigger
03-Jul-19	P21-1	lp	Px5	2 A	1175	37 ± 14	1.2 ± 0.4	0.10 ± 0.04	27/05/2019	Convective mixing
03-Jul-19	P21-1	lp	Px6	2 A	1175	8 ± 3	0.28 ± 0.11	0.02 ± 0.001	25/06/2019	Convective mixing
03-Jul-19	P21-1	lp	Px7	1B	1175	5 ± 2	0.16 ± 0.06	0.013 ± 0.005	28/06/2019	Mafic trigger
03-Jul-19	P21-1	lp	Px8	1B	1175	11 ± 4	0.35 ± 0.13	0.03 ± 0.01	22/06/2019	Mafic trigger
03-Jul-19	P24-3	lp	Px3	1B	1175	9 ± 3	0.29 ± 0.11	0.02 ± 0.01	24/06/2019	Mafic trigger
03-Jul-19	P24-3	lp	Px4	1B	1175	6 ± 2	0.18 ± 0.07	0.02 ± 0.01	27/06/2019	Mafic trigger
03-Jul-19	P24-3	lp	Px5	1B	1175	3 ± 1	0.09 ± 0.04	0.01 ± 0.003	30/06/2019	Mafic trigger
03-Jul-19	P24-3	lp	Px6	1B	1175	2 ± 1	0.07 ± 0.003	0.01 ± 0.002	01/07/2019	Mafic trigger
03-Jul-19	P24-3	lp	Px7	1B	1175	6 ± 2	0.21 v0.08	0.02 ± 0.01	27/06/2019	Mafic trigger
03-Jul-19	P24-3	lp	Px8	1B	1175	2 ± 1	0.06 ± 0.03	0.005 ± 0.002	01/07/2019	Mafic trigger
03-Jul-19	P24-3	mingled	Px 07	1B	1175	3 ± 1	0.09 ± 0.03	0.007 ± 0.003	30/06/2019	Mafic trigger
03-Jul-19	P30-07	hp	Px28	1B	1175	3 ± 2	0.10 ± 0.05	0.01 ± 0.004	30/06/2019	Mafic trigger
03-Jul-19	P30-07	hp	Px31	2B	1155	1330 ± 528	44 ± 17	4 ± 1	11/11/2015	Antecryst remobilisation
03-Jul-19	P30-07	hp	Px5	1B	1175	10 ± 5	0.33 ± 0.15	0.03 ± 0.01	23/06/2019	Mafic trigger
03-Jul-19	P30-07	hp	Px10	1B	1175	8 ± 4	0.27 ± 0.12	0.02 ± 0.02	25/06/2019	Mafic trigger
03-Jul-19	P30-07	hp	Px19	1B	1175	128 ± 52	4 ± 2	0.35 ± 0.01	25/02/2019	Mafic trigger
03-Jul-19	P30-07	hp	Px20	1B	1175	224 ± 98	7 ± 3	0.6 ± 0.3	21/11/2018	Mafic trigger
03-Jul-19	P30-09	hp	Px6a	1 A	1155	68 ± 26	2 ± 1	0.19 ± 0.01	26/04/2019	Convective mixing
03-Jul-19	P30-09	hp	Px6b	1 A	1155	60 ± 23	2 ± 1	0.2 ± 0.1	04/05/2019	Convective mixing
03-Jul-19	P30-09	hp	Px9b	1 A	1155	124 ± 51	4 ± 2	0.3 ± 0.1	01/03/2019	Convective mixing
03-Jul-19	P30-09	hp	Px13a	1 A	1155	172 ± 70	6 ± 2	0.5 ± 0.1	12/01/2019	Convective mixing
03-Jul-19	P30-09	hp	PX13 e	1 A	1155	22 ± 9	0.7 ± 0.5	0.06 ± 0.03	11/06/2019	Convective mixing
03-Jul-19	P30-09	hp	Px22	1B	1175	14 ± 5	0.5 ± 0.2	0.04 ± 0.01	19/06/2019	Mafic trigger
28-Aug-19	P44-1	lp	Px1	1B	1175	5 ± 2	0.15 ± 0.06	0.01 ± 0.01	23/08/2019	Mafic trigger
28-Aug-19	P44-1	lp	Px2	1B	1175	5 ± 2	0.18 ± 0.08	0.01 ± 0.01	23/08/2019	Mafic trigger
28-Aug-19	P44-1	lp	Px3	1B	1175	14 ± 6	0.46 ± 0.18	0.04 ± 0.02	14/08/2019	Mafic trigger
28-Aug-19	P44-1	lp	Px4	1B	1175	3 ± 1	0.09 ± 0.04	0.010 ± 0.003	25/08/2019	Mafic trigger
28-Aug-19	P44-1	lp	Px6	2 A	1175	10 ± 4	0.33 ± 0.13	0.03 ± 0.01	18/08/2019	Convective mixing
28-Aug-19	P44-1	lp	Px11	1B	1175	10 ± 4	0.33 ± 0.13	0.03 ± 0.01	18/08/2019	Mafic trigger
28-Aug-19	P47-1	lp	Px2	1B	1155 6	7 ± 4	0.23 ± 0.12	0.02 ± 0.01	21/08/2019	Mafic trigger
28-Aug-19	P47-1	lp	Px6	1B	1175	9 ± 4	0.3 ± 0.11	0.02 ± 0.01	19/08/2019	Mafic trigger
28-Aug-19	P47-1	lp	Px11	1B	1175	54 ± 22	1.8 ± 0.7	0.2 ± 0.1	05/07/2019	Mafic trigger
28-Aug-19	P47-1	lp	Px12	1B	1175	21 ± 8	0.7 ± 0.3	0.06 ± 0.02	07/08/2019	Mafic trigger
28-Aug-19	P47-1	lp	Px13	1B	1175	23 ± 10	0.76 ± 0.33	0.06 ± 0.03	05/08/2019	Mafic trigger
28-Aug-19	P47-1	lp	Px14	1B	1175	6 ± 2	0.19 ± 0.07	0.02 ± 0.01	22/08/2019	Mafic trigger
28-Aug-19	P47-1	lp	Px15	1B	1175	29 ± 12	0.9 ± 0.38	0.08 ± 0.03	30/07/2019	Mafic trigger
28-Aug-19	P47-1	lp	Px16	1B	1175	9 ± 4	0.29 ± 0.12	0.02 ± 0.01	19/08/2019	Mafic trigger
28-Aug-19	P47-1	lp	Px17	1B	1175	2 ± 1	0.08 ± 0.03	0.007 ± 0.003	26/08/2019	Mafic trigger
28-Aug-19	P47-1	lp	Px18	1B	1175	2 ± 1	0.07 ± 0.03	0.006 ± 0.002	26/08/2019	Mafic trigger
28-Aug-19	P47-1	lp	Px19	1B	1175	19 ± 8	0.6 ± 0.3	0.05 ± 0.02	09/08/2019	Mafic trigger
28-Aug-19	P47-1	lp	Px20	1B	1175	5 ± 2	0.16 ± 0.07	0.01 ± 0.01	23/08/2019	Mafic trigger
28-Aug-19	P47-1	hp	Px11	1 A	1155	543 ± 228	18 ± 8	1.5 ± 0.6	03/03/2018	Convective mixing
28-Aug-19	P47-1	hp	Px12	2B	1155	699 ± 270	23 ± 9	1.9 ± 0.7	28/09/2017	Antecryst remobilisation
28-Aug-19	P47-1	hp	Px6	1 C		373 ± 126	12 ± 4	1 ± 0.4	20/08/2018	Mafic recharge + storage
28-Aug-19	P44-1	hp	Px3	1 A	1155	36 ± 16	1.2 ± 0.5	0.01 ± 0.04	23/07/2019	Convective mixing
28-Aug-19	P44-1	mingled	Px3	1 A	1155	33 ± 13	1.1 ± 0.4	0.09 ± 0.04	26/07/2019	Convective mixing
28-Aug-19	P44-1	mingled	Px4	1B	1175	7 ± 3	0.2 ± 0.1	0.02 ± 0.01	21/08/2019	Mafic trigger
28-Aug-19	P44-1	mingled	Px6	2 A	1175	3 ± 1	0.1 ± 0.04	0.008 ± 0.003	25/08/2019	Convective mixing
28-Aug-19	P44-1	mingled	Px8	1B	1175	6 ± 2	0.19 ± 0.07	0.02 ± 0.01	22/08/2019	Mafic trigger

Temperatures refer to those used in the diffusion modelling according to thermobarometric results and considering 2 sigma error of ±16 °C, Fe-Mg diffusion coefficient were calculated at 1155 and 1175 °C for augitic and diopsidic composition, respectively. For two crystals of subgroup 1C, temperature is not reported because in this case T of 1175 ± 16 °C and 1155 ± 16 °C were used to calculate the total timescale across the mafic recharge band (see Supplementary Figs. 57–58 and Methods for further explanation). This timescale according to the NIDIS model⁴⁰ refers to: (1) the timescale from the moment the diopsidic band formed upon arrival of the recharge mafic lp-magma, until the eruption after the augitic overgrowth formed and the crystal was stored in the shallow hp-reservoir (mafic recharge + storage); (2) the timescale from the moment the resorbed augitic core was remobilised from the crystal mush by the ascent of the lp-magma, until the eruption after the augitic overgrowth formed and the crystal was stored in the shallow hp-reservoir (antecryst remobilisation). Timescales type refers to the different types of timescales as discussed in the text (i.e., mafic trigger; convective mixing; mafic recharge + storage; antecryst remobilisation). 25-Jun-19: major explosion; 3-Jul-19 and 18-Aug-19: paroxysm.

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Table 1 Fe-Mg timescales calculated for clinopyroxenes from 2019 eruptions

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