Table 2 Associations between sub-city and city exposures and BMI, obesity, and type 2 diabetes

From: The urban built environment and adult BMI, obesity, and diabetes in Latin American cities

Sub-city and city characteristics (z scores)

Exposure contrast (SD)†

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Body mass index (n = 93,280)‡

 

Coefficient [95% CI]

Coefficient [95% CI]

Coefficient [95% CI]

Sub-city intersection density (n/km2)

37.1

0.03 [−0.03; 0.10]

0.10 [0.05; 0.16]

0.10 [0.02; 0.19]

Sub-city greenness (median NDVI)

0.2

−0.06 [−0.17; 0.05]

−0.09 [−0.18; 0.00]

−0.04 [−0.15; 0.06]

Sub-city population density in built-up areas (n/km2)

4,414

−0.02 [−0.14; 0.10]

0.02 [−0.09; 0.14]

−0.03 [−0.14; 0.08]

City fragmentation [patch density (n/100 ha)]§

0.3

−0.15 [−0.31; 0.01]

−0.16 [−0.32; 0.00]

−0.13 [−0.29; 0.04]

City isolation [mean distance to the nearest urban patch within the geographic boundary(m)]

33.6

0.09 [−0.01; 0.19]

0.06 [−0.05; 0.17]

0.04 [−0.07; 0.16]

Obesity (n = 93,280)‡

 

OR [95% CI]

OR [95% CI]

OR [95% CI]

Sub-city intersection density (n/km2)

37.1

1.02 [0.99; 1.05]

1.05 [1.02; 1.09]

1.04 [1.00; 1.08]

10Sub-city greenness (median NDVI)

0.2

0.96 [0.92; 1.00]

0.95 [0.91; 0.99]

0.97 [0.93; 1.01]

Sub-city population density in built-up areas (n/km2)

4,414

1.00 [0.96; 1.05]

1.02 [0.97; 1.07]

1.00 [0.95; 1.04]

City fragmentation [patch density (n/100 ha)]§

0.3

0.94 [0.87; 1.01]

0.93 [0.87; 1.00]

0.95 [0.88; 1.02]

City isolation [mean distance to the nearest urban patch within the geographic boundary(m)]

33.6

1.03 [0.99; 1.07]

1.02 [0.97; 1.06]

1.01 [0.96; 1.06]

Type 2 diabetes (n = 122,211)

 

OR [95% CI]

OR [95% CI]

OR [95% CI]

Sub-city intersection density (n/km2)

35.6

1.04 [0.99; 1.08]

1.04 [0.98; 1.09]

1.04 [0.98; 1.10]

Sub-city greenness (median NDVI)

0.2

0.96 [0.93; 1.00]

0.97 [0.93; 1.01]

0.98 [0.94; 1.02]

Sub-city population density in built-up areas (n/km2)

4876

0.99 [0.95; 1.04]

0.99 [0.94; 1.03]

0.96 [0.92; 1.00]

City fragmentation [patch density (n/100 ha)]§

0.3

0.97 [0.91; 1.04]

0.97 [0.91; 1.04]

0.98 [0.92; 1.04]

City isolation [mean distance to the nearest urban patch within the geographic boundary(m)]

35.7

1.00 [0.96; 1.03]

1.00 [0.96; 1.04]

0.99 [0.96; 1.03]

  1. Coefficient or Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) are presented.
  2. NDVI normalized difference vegetation index.
  3. Model 1: single built environment exposure, adjusted for age, sex, education, and the country as a fixed effect.
  4. Model 2: single built environment exposure adjusted for age, sex, education, population educational attainment at sub-city level, percentage of urban area, and country as a fixed effect.
  5. Model 3: all built environment exposures, adjusted for age, sex, education, population educational attainment at sub-city level, percentage of urban area, and country as a fixed effect.
  6. †All exposures were scaled based on the mean and standard deviation (SD) and therefore the unit of contrast is the SD.
  7. ‡Additionally, adjusted for age-squared.
  8. §Models 1 adjusted for percentage of urban area.
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