Fig. 3: Characterizations of verifying the effect of absorbed water on Td-Co(II) formation.

a XRD pattens, b in-situ H2-TPR profiles, c quasi in-situ Co 2p XPS spectra, d ex-situ UV-vis spectra of the four designed catalysts; e UV-vis spectra of the dried catalyst precursors (without reduction treatment), f 1H-NMR of the dried catalyst precursors with different Co loadings; g the normalized intensity of Co K-edge XANES spectra, h the corresponding Fourier transformation of k3-weighted EXAFS oscillation of the dried precursor for Dir-reduction catalyst; i UV-vis spectra of the Dir-reduction catalysts by using different reduction temperature.