Fig. 5: Adsorption performance test and in situ characterization.

a Optical photograph of visualized adsorption tests of Li2S4 with different materials. b Corresponding UV–vis spectrums after 12 h. c Binding energies between the LiPSs and different materials. d–f Adsorption model of Li2S4 on different materials. g In-situ Raman spectra of Fe-Co DACs/S at differenent voltages. h, i In situ Raman contour plots and corresponding discharging curves of Fe-Co DACs/S and Co SACs/S cathode.