Fig. 2: Gene expression changes over time in peri-pubertal males and females.

a Barplot with the number of genes differentially expressed (DEGs) with age in the two sexes (10% FDR), b QQplot of p-values of age effect on gene expression in males from DESeq2 two-sided Wald test, split by whether the gene was also nominally differentially expressed in females (p-value < 0.05, coral) or not significant (p-value > 0.05, black), c, d Scatterplot of z-scores of age effects on gene expression in females (c) and males (d) analyzed with the cross-sectional model (x axis) or longitudinal model (y axis). Correlation assessed with Spearman’s Rho and its two-sided p-value. Blue line represents the linear regression trendline, e Scatterplot of normalized effect sizes (z-scores) from longitudinal differential gene expression analysis as males (x axis) and females (y axis) grew older. Color denotes significance in each analysis as indicated by the legend. Correlation assessed with Spearman’s Rho and its two-sided p-value. f Barplot with the number of genes differentially expressed (DEGs) with age in the two sexes analyzed together with multivariate adaptive shrinkage (mash, 10% LFSR). Legend as in Fig. 2a, g Scatterplot of age effects on gene expression in males (x axis) and females (y axis) from mash analysis in both sexes jointly. Color denotes significance (10% LFSR) as indicated by the legend in Fig. 2e. Correlation assessed with Spearman’s Rho and its two-sided p-value.