Fig. 4: Gene expression changes across puberty.

a Barplot with the number of genes differentially expressed (DEGs) with puberty and menarche (10% FDR). Light green denotes downregulated genes, dark green denotes upregulated genes. b–d Scatterplots represent longitudinal change in pubertal development (x axis) against log2-fold change in gene expression (y axis). Blue line represents best linear fit, and shaded grey area its 95% confidence interval. Rho denotes Spearman correlation and its p-value, e Violin plot represents log2CPM of GAS7 gene expression in pre- and post-menarcheal females. f Gene expression across biological processes and pathways differentially expressed between pre-menarcheal (n = 22) and post-menarcheal (n = 44) females. Center lines show the medians; box limits indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles; whiskers extend 1.5 times the interquartile range from the 25th and 75th percentiles; points outside the wiskers are represented by dots.