Fig. 2: Porous structures, 2D exfoliated structures, and BET analysis of PPDA-CMP.

a Schematic illustration of three types of pores in CMPs. b SEM images of non-exfoliated PPDA-CMP-1 showing inter-grain micropores. c TEM images of exfoliated PPDA-CMP-1 (at 2 × 10–4 wt% of CMP in GBL) showing surface (image A) and single-chain nanopores (zoom-in image B) at the outermost layer of CMP. d AFM images and schematic illustration of exfoliated PPDA-CMP-1 (at 2 × 10–4 wt% and 0.1 wt% of CMP in GBL) with (A) monolayer (blue), (B) bilayer (green), (C) tri-layer (red), and (D) tetra-layer (pink) nanosheets. e BET analysis with a nitrogen (N2) adsorption-desorption isotherm of non-exfoliated PPDA-CMP-1.