Fig. 3: Sieving of lanthanide and actinide ions in GOM.
From: Ion sieving in graphene oxide membrane enables efficient actinides/lanthanides separation
a–c Setup for sieving by natural permeation and the permeation percentages (Pct.) of lanthanides and actinides as a function of time and elements. d–f Setup for sieving through the assistance of extraction and the permeation percentages (Pct.) of lanthanides and actinides as a function of time and elements. g–i Setup for sieving through the assistance of oxidation/extraction and the permeation percentages (Pct.) of lanthanides and actinides as a function of time and elements. These sieving experiments are conducted for each ion individually. Note: the valence sign for each ion only indicates the main oxidation state under the desired condition, other oxidation states may also exist during the ion-sieving process. All the error bars represent the standard deviation of the experiments.
