Fig. 1: One carbon metabolism is altered by fmo-2 expression level.

a Principal component analysis of untargeted LC-MS metabolomics data of wild type, FMO-2 OE, and FMO-2 KO strains of C. elegans. b Heatmap of untargeted LC-MS metabolomics data of the wild type, FMO-2 OE and FMO-2 KO. The red color indicates metabolites with a higher abundance, while the green color indicates those with a lower abundance. c Pathway enrichment analysis using untargeted LC-MS metabolomics data of wild type and FMO-2 OE. The size and the color of the bubbles represent the enrichment factor and the p-value respectively for the pathways. The darker the color, the more significant the p-value. And larger the radius of the bubble, the greater the enrichment score. d Comparison of targeted metabolomics data of metabolites related to OCM between the wild type (black), FMO-2 OE (blue), and FMO-2 KO (red), normalized to the average of wild type intensity. pho4 = phosphate. SAM = s-adenosylmethionine. * represents p < 0.05, ** represents p < 0.01, and *** represents p < 0.001 using two-tailed Student’s unpaired t-test. # represents p < 0.05 and ## represents p < 0.01 using one-way ANOVA trend analysis. n = 7 biologically independent experiments. For t-test (represented by *) p-value = 0.00854 (WT vs FMO-2 OE, Homocysteine), 0.0063 (WT vs FMO-2 KO, Methionine), 0.0449 (WT vs FMO-2 OE, Pyridoxal 5′-pho4), 0.00144 (WT vs FMO-2 OE, SAM). For trend analysis (represented by #), p-value = 0.0016 (Homocysteine), 0.0059 (Methionine), 0.0213 (Pyridoxal 5′-pho4), 0.0013 (SAM). In box plots, the median is shown by the center line. The upper boundary of the box represents the 75% interquartile range, while the lower boundary represents the 25% interquartile range. a–c are generated using MetaboAnalyst. Statistics for c and d are in Supplementary Table 1 and 2, respectively No notes = Not significant.