Fig. 5: Evolutionary origins of COSY in land plants.

a Presence of COSY (pink circles) and F6′H1 (purple circles) orthologs among major lineages of land plants. This information is inferred from maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analyses of COSY and F6′H1 together with their homologs from representative plants with sequenced genomes (Supplementary Figs. 28 and 29). b Combined LC-MS XICs of 165.05556 m/z; 1, 209.04549 m/z; 1 and 191.03443 m/z; 2 showcasing the in vitro coumarin synthase activity of COSY orthologs from G. max (Soybean), A. thaliana (Arabidopsis), S. tuberosum (Potato), and S. bicolor (Sorghum). c Relative coumarin synthase activity of the four COSY orthologs quantified by the LC-HRAM-MS peak areas derived from the in vitro enzyme assay as shown in b. All assays were performed in triplicates. Data are presented as mean values with the error bars representing standard error of the mean.