Fig. 1: Thickness characterization of of T-bipyridine modified Cu electrodes.

a Schematic of the five T-bipyridine modified electrodes denoted Cu-n (n = 1−5). b−f AFM images and cross-sectional profiles of the edge plane (20 × 20 μm2) on Cu-n prior to electrolysis. g Average thicknesses of films on Cu-n. Error bars correspond to the standard deviation of >15 regions on each sample. Source data are provided as Source Data file.