Fig. 2: Synthesis of nonlayered materials guided by TTCG model.

a Summary of the nonlayered materials applicable to the TTCG model. The elements highlighted in purple or pink denote transition or rare metals whose oxides, oxyhalides, or chalcogenides with nonlayered structures are demonstrated to have the potential to form 2D structures. The elements highlighted in yellow represent the available anions of nonlayered materials. The elements in black color indicate their oxides can be synthesized by our hydrate-assisted chemical vapor deposition (HACVD) method. m, a, and b are the corresponding stoichiometric numbers. b Optical images of as-grown materials. Scale bars, 5 μm. Binary, ternary, and alloy oxides are outlined in lilac, purple, and yellow colors, respectively. Rare earth oxyhalides are outlined in pink and transition metal chalcogens are marked in blue.