Fig. 1: Detection of cytosolic mt-dsRNAs in injured renal tubular cells.

a Immunostaining of cytosolic dsRNA by J2 antibody in tubule and glomerulus from acute tubular necrosis (ATN) patients and controls. Tissue sections were stained with anti-aquaporin 1 (AQP1) antibody (tubular cell) or anti-synaptopodin antibody (podocyte). b Quantification of cytosolic dsRNA levels in tubules and glomerulus (5 patients/group). c Immunostaining of dsRNA (J2) from 85 patients with various degrees of renal tubular injury, including ATN (5 males and 7 females), diabetic nephropathy (DN, 8 males and 6 females), IgA nephropathy (IgAN, 9 males and 7 females), lupus nephritis (LN, 5 males and 10 females), membranous nephropathy (MN, 8 males and 5 females) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS, 6 males and 9 females), as well as 5 non-renal tubular injury controls (3 males and 2 females). d Evaluation of tubular injury degree and cytosolic dsRNA levels. e Cytosolic dsRNA staining by J2 antibody in renal tubule from ischemia reperfusion-induced injury (IRI) or unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mouse models. f Evaluation of renal tubular injury degree and cytosolic dsRNA levels in IRI or UUO mouse models. g Cytosolic mt-dsRNA levels in renal tubules of IRI and Sham mouse groups. h Renal tubular cytosolic levels of mt-dsRNAs detected using specific probes against the heavy and light strand (5 mice/group). Scale bars, 50 μm. The above experiments were successfully repeated three times. Two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparisons test was performed in b, and the results were presented as mean ± SEM. In box plots (g, f), the centre line shows the median, lower and upper hinges of boxes represent 25th to 75th percentiles, and whiskers extend to minimum and maximum values. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.