Fig. 5: Bioimaging performances.

a Confocal fluorescence images of neurons co-stained with BPS3 and a commercial membrane probe (DiI). Three independent experiments were repeated and similar results were obtained. b Time-lapse confocal fluorescence images of BPS3-incubated neurons stimulated by PBS buffer or high concentration of potassium, respectively. c Time-course of the fluorescence variation rate (ΔF/F₀) of neurons stimulated by PBS (Phosphate-Buffered Saline) or high concentration of potassium, respectively (interval of 1 s). Data are presented as mean ± S.D. Error bars: S.D., n = 5 cells. d Illustration of the possible procedure of NE release upon stimulation with high concentration of potassium. e Three-dimensional two-photon confocal fluorescence images of the hippocampus region in mouse brain labeled with the BPS3 probe, two-photon excited at 720 nm. f Two-photon fluorescence images of the BPS3-incubated tissue slices from cornu ammonis of hippocampus (CA1), primary somatosensory cortex (S1BF), laterodorsal thalamic nucleus (LD), and caudate putamen (CPu) regions of normal and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mouse brains, as well as the N-acetylcysteine (NAC)-treated AD mouse brain. Orange arrows point to the representative single cells. g Histogram of the relative fluorescence variation rates corresponding to panel (f). Statistical differences were analyzed by Student’s one-sided t-test. Data are presented as mean ± S.D. Error bars: S.D., n = 25 cells. p = 0.0006, 0.0083, 0.0007, 0.0074, 0.0077, 0.0156, 0.0068, 0.0233 from left to right, respectively, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001.